DISCLAIMER
Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information present and to describe generally
accepted practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or
omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no
warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents
of the publication. Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional
responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be
considered absolute and universal recommendations.
The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and
dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the
time of publication. However, in viewof ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the
constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check
the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings
and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently
employed drug.
Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health
care providers to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in their clinical
practice.
To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at (800) 638-3030
or fax orders to (301) 223-2320. International customers should call (301) 223-2300.
Visit Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on the Internet: at http://www.lww.com. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins customer service representatives are available from 8:30 am to 6:00 pm, EST.
ALFRED N. MARTIN (1919–2003)
This fiftieth anniversary edition of Martin’s Physical Pharmacy
and Pharmaceutical Sciences is dedicated to the memory
of Professor Alfred N. Martin, whose vision, creativity,
dedication, and untiring effort and attention to detail led to
the publication of the first edition in 1960. Because of his
national reputation as a leader and pioneer in the then emerging
specialty of physical pharmacy, I made the decision to
join Professor Martin’s group of graduate students at Purdue
University in 1960 and had the opportunity to witness
the excitement and the many accolades of colleagues from
far and near that accompanied the publication of the first
edition of Physical Pharmacy. The completion of that work
represented the culmination of countless hours of painstaking
study, research, documentation, and revision on the part
of Dr. Martin, many of his graduate students, and his wife,
Mary, who typed the original manuscript. It also represented
the fruition of Professor Martin’s dream of a textbook that
would revolutionize pharmaceutical education and research.
Physical Pharmacy was for Professor Martin truly a labor of
love, and it remained so throughout his lifetime, as heworked
unceasingly and with steadfast dedication on the subsequent
revisions of the book.
The publication of the first edition of Physical Pharmacy
generated broad excitement throughout the national and international
academic and industrial research communities in
pharmacy and the pharmaceutical sciences. Itwas theworld’s
first textbook in the emerging discipline of physical pharmacy
and has remained the “gold standard” textbook on the application
of physical chemical principles in pharmacy and the
pharmaceutical sciences. Physical Pharmacy, upon its publication
in 1960, provided great clarity and definition to a discipline
that had been widely discussed throughout the 1950s
but not fully understood or adopted. Alfred Martin’s Physical
Pharmacy had a profound effect in shaping the direction
of research and education throughout the world of pharmaceutical
education and research in the pharmaceutical industry
and academia. The publication of this book transformed
pharmacy and pharmaceutical research from an essentially
empirical mix of art and descriptive science to a quantitative
application of fundamental physical and chemical scientific
principles to pharmaceutical systems and dosage forms.
Physical Pharmacy literally changed the direction, scope,
focus, and philosophy of pharmaceutical education during the
1960s and the 1970s and paved the way for the specialty disciplines
of biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics which,
along with physical pharmacy, were necessary underpinnings
of a scientifically based clinical emphasis in the teaching of
pharmacy students, which is now pervasive throughout pharmaceutical
education.
From the time of the initial publication of Physical Pharmacy
to the present, this pivotal and classic book has been
widely used both as a teaching textbook and as an indispensible
reference for academic and industrial researchers in
the pharmaceutical sciences throughout the world. This sixth
edition of Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences serves as a most fitting tribute to the extraordinary,
heroic, and inspired vision and dedication of Professor Martin.
That this book continues to be a valuable and widely
used textbook in schools and colleges of pharmacy throughout
the world, and a valuable reference to pharmaceutical
scientists and researchers, is a most appropriate recognition
of the life’s work of Alfred Martin. All who have contributed
to the thorough revision that has resulted in the publication
of the current edition have retained the original format and
fundamental organization of basic principles and topics that
were the hallmarks of Professor Martin’s classic first edition
of this seminal book.
Professor Martin always demanded the best of himself, his
students, and his colleagues. The fact that the subsequent and
current editions of Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences have remained faithful to his vision of
scientific excellence as applied to understanding and applying
the principles underlying the pharmaceutical sciences is
indeed a most appropriate tribute to Professor Martin’s memory.
It is in that spirit that this fiftieth anniversary edition is
formally dedicated to the memory of that visionary and creative
pioneer in the discipline of physical pharmacy, Alfred
N. Martin.
John L. Colaizzi, PhD
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Piscataway, New Jersey
November 2009
iv
Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information present and to describe generally
accepted practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or
omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no
warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents
of the publication. Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional
responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be
considered absolute and universal recommendations.
The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and
dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the
time of publication. However, in viewof ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the
constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check
the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings
and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently
employed drug.
Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health
care providers to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in their clinical
practice.
To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at (800) 638-3030
or fax orders to (301) 223-2320. International customers should call (301) 223-2300.
Visit Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on the Internet: at http://www.lww.com. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins customer service representatives are available from 8:30 am to 6:00 pm, EST.
ALFRED N. MARTIN (1919–2003)
This fiftieth anniversary edition of Martin’s Physical Pharmacy
and Pharmaceutical Sciences is dedicated to the memory
of Professor Alfred N. Martin, whose vision, creativity,
dedication, and untiring effort and attention to detail led to
the publication of the first edition in 1960. Because of his
national reputation as a leader and pioneer in the then emerging
specialty of physical pharmacy, I made the decision to
join Professor Martin’s group of graduate students at Purdue
University in 1960 and had the opportunity to witness
the excitement and the many accolades of colleagues from
far and near that accompanied the publication of the first
edition of Physical Pharmacy. The completion of that work
represented the culmination of countless hours of painstaking
study, research, documentation, and revision on the part
of Dr. Martin, many of his graduate students, and his wife,
Mary, who typed the original manuscript. It also represented
the fruition of Professor Martin’s dream of a textbook that
would revolutionize pharmaceutical education and research.
Physical Pharmacy was for Professor Martin truly a labor of
love, and it remained so throughout his lifetime, as heworked
unceasingly and with steadfast dedication on the subsequent
revisions of the book.
The publication of the first edition of Physical Pharmacy
generated broad excitement throughout the national and international
academic and industrial research communities in
pharmacy and the pharmaceutical sciences. Itwas theworld’s
first textbook in the emerging discipline of physical pharmacy
and has remained the “gold standard” textbook on the application
of physical chemical principles in pharmacy and the
pharmaceutical sciences. Physical Pharmacy, upon its publication
in 1960, provided great clarity and definition to a discipline
that had been widely discussed throughout the 1950s
but not fully understood or adopted. Alfred Martin’s Physical
Pharmacy had a profound effect in shaping the direction
of research and education throughout the world of pharmaceutical
education and research in the pharmaceutical industry
and academia. The publication of this book transformed
pharmacy and pharmaceutical research from an essentially
empirical mix of art and descriptive science to a quantitative
application of fundamental physical and chemical scientific
principles to pharmaceutical systems and dosage forms.
Physical Pharmacy literally changed the direction, scope,
focus, and philosophy of pharmaceutical education during the
1960s and the 1970s and paved the way for the specialty disciplines
of biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics which,
along with physical pharmacy, were necessary underpinnings
of a scientifically based clinical emphasis in the teaching of
pharmacy students, which is now pervasive throughout pharmaceutical
education.
From the time of the initial publication of Physical Pharmacy
to the present, this pivotal and classic book has been
widely used both as a teaching textbook and as an indispensible
reference for academic and industrial researchers in
the pharmaceutical sciences throughout the world. This sixth
edition of Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences serves as a most fitting tribute to the extraordinary,
heroic, and inspired vision and dedication of Professor Martin.
That this book continues to be a valuable and widely
used textbook in schools and colleges of pharmacy throughout
the world, and a valuable reference to pharmaceutical
scientists and researchers, is a most appropriate recognition
of the life’s work of Alfred Martin. All who have contributed
to the thorough revision that has resulted in the publication
of the current edition have retained the original format and
fundamental organization of basic principles and topics that
were the hallmarks of Professor Martin’s classic first edition
of this seminal book.
Professor Martin always demanded the best of himself, his
students, and his colleagues. The fact that the subsequent and
current editions of Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences have remained faithful to his vision of
scientific excellence as applied to understanding and applying
the principles underlying the pharmaceutical sciences is
indeed a most appropriate tribute to Professor Martin’s memory.
It is in that spirit that this fiftieth anniversary edition is
formally dedicated to the memory of that visionary and creative
pioneer in the discipline of physical pharmacy, Alfred
N. Martin.
John L. Colaizzi, PhD
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Piscataway, New Jersey
November 2009
iv
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